Bacterial Reproduction and Binary Fission

Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms that reproduce asexually. Bacterial reproduction most commonly occurs by a kind of cell division called binary fission. Binary fission involves the division of a single cell, which results in the formation of two cells that are genetically identical. In order to grasp the process of binary fission, it is helpful to understand bacterial cell structure. Key Takeaways Binary fission is the process by which a single cell divides to form two cells that are genetically identical to one another.There are three common bacterial cell shapes: rod-shaped, spherical, and spiral.Common bacterial cell components include: a cell wall, a cellular membrane, the cytoplasm, flagella, a nucleoid region, plasmids as well as ribosomes.Binary fission as a means of reproduction has a number of benefits, chief among them is the ability to reproduce in high numbers at a very rapid rate. Since binary fission produces identical cells, bacteria can become more genetically varied through recombination, which involves the transfer of genes between cells. Bacterial Cell Structure Bacteria have varying cell shapes. The most common bacteria cell shapes are spherical, rod-shaped, and spiral. Bacterial cells typically contain the following structures: a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, plasmids, flagella, and a nucleoid region. Cell Wall: An outer covering of the cell that protects the bacterial cell and gives it shape.Cytoplasm: A gel-like substance composed mainly of water that also contains enzymes, salts, cell components, and various organic molecules.Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane: Surrounds the cells cytoplasm and regulates the flow of substances in and out of the cell.Flagella: Long, whip-like protrusion that aids in cellular locomotion.Ribosomes: Cell structures responsible for protein production.Plasmids: Gene carrying, circular DNA structures that are not involved in reproduction.Nucleoid Region: Area of the cytoplasm that contains the single bacterial DNA molecule. Binary Fission This is a colored transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of an E. coli bacterium in the early stages of binary fission. Credit: CNRI / Getty Images Most bacteria, including Salmonella and E.coli, reproduce by binary fission. During this type of asexual reproduction, the single DNA molecule replicates and both copies attach, at different points,  to the cell membrane.  As the cell begins to grow and elongate, the distance between the two DNA molecules increases. Once the bacterium just about doubles its original size, the cell membrane begins to pinch inward at  the center. Finally, a  cell wall  forms  which separates the two  DNA molecules and divides the original cell into two identical daughter cells. This image shows bacteria growing exponentially in a Petri dish. A single colony can have trillions of bacteria. Wladimir Bulgar / Science Photo Library / Getty Images There are a number of benefits associated with reproduction  through binary fission. A single bacterium is able to reproduce in high numbers at a rapid rate. Under optimum conditions, some bacteria can double their population numbers in a matter of minutes or hours. Another benefit is that no time is wasted searching for a mate since reproduction is asexual. In addition, the daughter cells resulting from binary fission are identical to the original cell. This means that they are well suited for life in their environment. Bacterial Recombination Binary fission is an effective way for bacteria to reproduce, however, it is not without problems. Since the cells produced through this type of reproduction are identical, they are all susceptible to the same types of  threats, such as environmental changes and  antibiotics. These hazards could destroy  an entire colony. In order to avoid such perils, bacteria can become more genetically  varied  through recombination. Recombination involves the transfer of genes between cells.  Bacterial recombination is accomplished through conjugation, transformation, or transduction. Conjugation Some bacteria are capable of transferring pieces of their genes to other bacteria that they contact. During conjugation, one bacterium connects itself to another through a protein tube structure called a pilus. Genes are transferred from one bacterium to the other through this tube. Transformation Some bacteria are capable of taking up DNA from their environment. These DNA remnants most commonly come from dead bacterial cells. During transformation, the bacterium binds the DNA and transports it across the bacterial cell membrane. The new DNA is then incorporated into the bacterial cells DNA. Transduction Transduction is a type of recombination that involves the exchange  of bacterial DNA through bacteriophages. Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. There are two types of transduction: generalized and specialized transduction. Once a bacteriophage attaches to a bacterium, it inserts its genome into the bacterium. The viral genome, enzymes, and viral components are then replicated and assembled within the host bacterium. Once formed, the new bacteriophages lyse or split open the bacterium, releasing the replicated viruses.  During the assembling process, however, some of the hosts bacterial DNA may become encased in the viral capsid instead of the viral genome. When this bacteriophage infects another bacterium, it injects the DNA fragment from the previously infected bacterium. This DNA fragment then becomes inserted into the DNA of the new bacterium. This type of transduction is called generalized transduction. In specialized transduction, fragments of the host bacteriums DNA become incorporated into the viral genomes of the new bacteriophages. The DNA fragments can then be transferred to any new bacteria that these bacteriophages infect. Sources Reece, Jane B., and Neil A. Campbell. Campbell Biology. Benjamin Cummings, 2011.

How We See Ourselves And Our Abilities - 2244 Words

The purpose of this story was to illustrate the importance of how we see ourselves and our abilities. Many people view intelligence and other skills as gifts that they either have or they do not. If Sally were to do poorly on her final exams, it would be a devastating indication in her eyes, that she does not have the ability to do well. Despite what her mother said, she would think that she is not the â€Å"smartest, most gifted, brilliant kid there is.† She then would place less value in studying because there would be no point if she was going to perform poorly anyways. She would rather invest her time in something she is better at enjoys. For some people, however, failure is not an indication that they do not have the ability to do well, but rather an indication that they must make some changes and never give up in order to gain that ability. The way people view their abilities and interpret the reasons for their behavior can be crucial in determining their success (Aronso n et al., 2013). Obsessed with understanding how people cope with failures, Psychologist Carol Dweck conducted an experiment with elementary school students during which she brought children, one at a time to a room in their school, made them feel relaxed, and then proceeded to give them a series of puzzles to solve that increased each time in the level of difficulty. Dweck initially believed that people either choose to cope with failure or they refused to cope. She discovered from this study that manyShow MoreRelated7 Habits Of Highly Effective People By Stephen R. Covey1419 Words   |  6 PagesEffective People† by Stephen R. Covey he explains how the world is entirely based on our own perception. In order to change a situation, we must change ourselves, and in order to change ourselves we have to change our perception. 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He receivedRead MoreWorkable Plan to Improve Emotional Intelligence at Work Place1237 Words   |  5 PagesIntelligence is and how it may help to build a better personality and better worker, this paper is to discuss about to two main competencies of Emotional Intelligence. The first one is the Personal Competencies and the other is Social Competencies. By understanding these competencies, employees gain the knowledge of how to create a better workplace not just for those individuals, but for others around them, as well. â€Å"Emotional Intelligence refers to the capacity for recognizing our own feelings andRead MoreAnalysis Of The Cave Wall 896 Words   |  4 PagesSocial media, it is our modern cave wall, the cave wall paintings have shown us that even early man have wanted to create an identity through art, even though we don not have knowledge of the individual(s) identity, we know of their existence. Throughout humanity the image can be viewed as a conceptual idea, the actual capturing an image, making this object has only been around for 170 years, however are brains have the ability to capture images, not only that it can capture images and renders themRead MoreClient Centered Therapy : Concepts Of Human Nature, Motivation, And The Person Essay1705 Words   |  7 Pagesthe ability to overcome challenges, change their lives for the better and realize their full potential (Seligman, 2006). Rogers emphasized the humanistic approach to working with clients by establishing a therapeutic relati onship with them, promoting the individual s self-esteem, supporting them and helping them to realize and utilize their own strengths and have a sense of actualization and authenticity in their lives (Seligman, 2006). 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It helps us gain an understanding of who we are as individuals and as leaders. It allows us to analyze and/or monitor our communications. In order for us to be truly effective at leading others, we have to be effective at leading ourselves. If we are not able to really know ourselves, we are only being deluded into thinking that we can lead ourselves. Self-reflection also

Nurses Knowledge Of Pharmacology Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Nurses Knowledge Of Pharmacology. Answer: Introduction The assignment deals with the article titled, Nurses knowledge of pharmacology behind drugs they commonly administer by Ndosi Newell (2009). In the context of the article the assignment discuses the importance of the study, the aims, objectives, research design, data collection, and results obtained from the study. Importance of the study I think that the research is very important not only for Singapore but globally. It is because of the necessity of supplementary pharmacology education for nurses to gain knowledge on drugs they commonly administer. Nurses require this knowledge due to changing nature of the therapeutic regimes, and because they are the front line carers. Lack of pharmacology knowledge may lead to medication error and adverse consequences (Smeulers et al., 2014). Therefore, the authors make the strong case for the study. Title and aims The title of the article is clear and concise. In 9 words the title gives the readers the idea about the research being conducted. However, it does not give a hint of the study nature that is qualitative or quantitative. The aim of the study is clearly stated, which is to determine if the nurses who administer medicines posses adequate knowledge of pharmacology. Further, the study aims to identify if the knowledge is related to their education background or experience. In think the aims and objectives of the study are achieved. Study design The study employed non-experimental causal comparative and correlational design for this research. The research design is appropriate as this is used for identifying the associations among the variables. It is useful to determine the existing differences and the consequences of it among the group of participants (Garber Hollon, 2015). The first and second hypothesis can be well addressed with this design. Data is collected through questionnaire and structured interview method. The instrument selected is justified as it can collect both subjective and objective data from nurses. It will help in measuring the relation between the variables that is education, knowledge and experience level. A small sample size of 42 may hamper the study results (Avery et al., 2014). Results The results of the study are clear and convincing as the data is well presented with charts and bar graphs. The results were statistically significant when measuring the knowledge differences between the junior and senior nurses. Poor pharmacology knowledge was evident among the nurses. The results indicated the correlation between the experience and the knowledge. Discussion The study had provided detailed discussion for the results obtained. The justification for the sample population chosen and the general reason for the low rate of response were also provided. It is convincing to read how the methodology helped in obtaining desired data. The author conducted a thorough literature review that well supported that the data obtained on pharmacology knowledge, Nurses experience and pharmacology knowledge, Nurse Grades and educational background. The study fails to address the learning trends among the nurses and other areas such as pharmacokinetics, drug dosage calculations. Further research The suggestions for further research on this topic are clear and helpful as there is a need of bigger and better sampling and various methods to further explore this area in Singapore. The recommendation on use of cluster sampling will omit the limitations of previous study. Further studies on this topic in Singapore can include the nurses drug dosage calculation and pharmacokinetics. References Avery, C. L., Der, J. S., Whitsel, E. A., Strmer, T. (2014). Comparison of study designs used to detect and characterize pharmacogenomic interactions in non-experimental studies: a simulation study.Pharmacogenetics and genomics,24(3), 146. Garber, J., Hollon, S. D. (2015). Specificity designs.The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology. Ndosi, M. E., Newell, R. (2009). Nurses knowledge of pharmacology behind drugs they commonly administer.Journal of clinical nursing,18(4), 570-580. Smeulers, M., Onderwater, A. T., Zwieten, M. C., Vermeulen, H. (2014). Nurses' experiences and perspectives on medication safety practices: an explorative qualitative study.Journal of nursing management,22(3), 276-285.

Scarlet Essays - English-language Films, The Scarlet Letter

Scarlet Letter And Pearl I can remember about six years ago when I realized that my parents were going to be divorced. I never understood why something so horrible was happening to me. I resented my parents for putting me through so much pain. I later realized my parents were ending their marriage because my father had committed adultery. I hated my father and felt sorry for my mother. I never ever looked at my father the same. I see myself as having something in common with the character Pearl in the novel The Scarlet Letter. I was not born a bastard, but we both were forced with the awful word of adultery placed on our names. The Scarlet Letter is a book of much symbolism. One of the most complex and misunderstood symbols in the book is Pearl, the daughter of Hester Prynne. Pearl and Hester have a major conflict that in turns contributes to the meaning of the work. In The Scarlet Letter, Hester, for her sins, received a scarlet letter, "A" which she had to wear upon her chest. This was the Puritan way of treating her as a criminal, for the crime of adultery. Hester would walk through the streets, she would be looked down upon as if she were some sort of demon from Hell, that committed a terrible crime. This would give her much mental anguish and grief. On the other hand, God's treatment of Hester for her sin was quite different than just a physical token: he gave Hester the punishment of a very unique child which she named Pearl. This punishment handed down from God was a constant mental and physical reminder to Hester of what she had done wrong, and she could not escape it. In this aspect, Pearl symbolized God's way of punishing Hester for adultery. The way Hester's life was ruined for so long was the ultimate price that Hester paid for Pearl. With Pearl, Hester's life was one almost never filled with joy, but instead a constant nagging. Pearl would harass her mother over the scarlet "A" which she wore. Pearl would also make her own "A" to wear, and sometimes she played games with her mother's "A", trying to hit it with rocks. When Hester would go into the town with Pearl, the other children would make fun of her, and Pearl would yell and throw dirt at them. Although Hester had so much trouble with Pearl, she still felt that Pearl was her treasure. Pearl was really the only thing that Hester had in life, and if Pearl wasn't in Hester's life, Hester would never have been able to go on. Once and a while, Pearl would bring joy to Hester's life, and that helped her to keep on living. Pearl really was the scarlet letter, because if Pearl had never been born, Hester would have never been found guilty of adultery, and thus never would have had to wear that burden upon her chest. Without that burden, Hester would have led a much better life then the one she had throughout the novel. I never had to go through as much anguish as Pearl, mostly because adultery is accepted, the President has even done it. Pearl represented the scarlet letter "A", she was a kind of burden, yet love for Hester. Pearl was more then her mother's only treasure; she was her mother's only source of survival. The way that my parents love me with a never ending love, this was too placed on Pearl and Hester.

buy custom Central Auditory Processing Disorder essay

buy custom Central Auditory Processing Disorder essay Auditory Processing Disorder encompasses all disorders that are related to procession of auditory information by the brain. APD has nothing to do with problems with hearing since people who are affected by this disorder have the ability to hear. Central Processing Disorder can either be acquired or inherited. Some of the causes of this disorder include ear infections, injuries in the head as well as delayed development. Some issues which are associated with this complication include lateralization as well as localization of sound. Auditory Processing Disorder is manly associated with dichotic listening which is as a result of degraded auditory signals. These are some of the signs that are experienced with patients among many other symptoms. Basically Auditory Processing is as a result of damaged neural function and this can be detected when a person has poor recognition as well as poor discrimination of sounds that are not associated with speech (Foli and Hallowell, 2003). Characteristics of APD include poor grouping, separation and detection of sounds that are not related with speech. This disorder is not easily identified especially among children. There are many issues that are related to this disorder that have been left unresolved due to the difficulties that exist when it comes to treating and identifying the disorder. Its not easy to detect this disorder and that is the reason most of the time APD is misdiagnosed as other types of autism. There are many other disorders which develop as a result of this condition and this characeristic plays a major role in the diagnosis of APD. In case there is disease overlap Auditory Processing Disorder will share some of its characteristic with the other auditory infection. This is the main reason why a physician who does not know much about this ailment will misdiagnose it as another common auditory illness. People suffering from this disorder experience problems in procession of verbal information. An Auditory Processing Disorder victim with specialized processing failure is not in a position to comprehend or process what people may say to them. Despite the fact that they can repeat the information word for word they fail to understand the meaning of those words. This is a major hindrance to communication because repeating of the necessary information without procession of that information is of little use. Talking loudly to such a person does not yield much fruits. The problem with procession of information has its origin in the brain of the individual. Since verbal language is a reflection of written this problem may further extend to writing and reading. Some other implications of Auditory Processing Disorder may be hidden to the person with the disorder (Bellis, 2003). Most of the times people who are suffering from this complication may be used to guessing in order to fill the missing links in the necessary information and as result they may fail to discover that they have an information processing disorder. They may not even realize that the words they guessed never had the same meaning as the intended one. The definition of this ddisorder has been done anatomically in relation to the nerves system that is involved with auditory as well as personal integrity in terms of action proceeding hearing. Auditory Processing Disorder has also been assessed in terms of the outcome of the behavioral auditory test. ASHA defines Auditory Processing Disorder in relation to the missing or misplaced behavior as a result of the necessary test. The specifics that are essential for the diagnosis of this disorder are yet to be identified (Bellis, 2003). Auditory Processing Disorder does not temper with the hearing ability of the person but only the ability to process the perceived information. Research that have been done indicate that the existing APD test are sensitive to factors which are not related to the nature of the disorder. Modality specificity is necessary if proper diagnosis of Auditory Processing disorder has to be done. Almost every specified test has some short falls for instance modality specific test will have issues with differentiating children with Auditory Processing Disorder from those with visual processing deficits. The primary cause of this disorder is still unknown. Some speculations in relation to its cause include oxygen shortage when a mother is giving birth, inner ear infections, dyslexia and many specialist associates its development with presence of autistic spectrum disorder. Treating a disease whose cause is unknown is very challenging and that is one of the factors that attributes to the difficult in the detection and treatment of Auditory Processing Disorder (Katz, Stecker and Henderson, 1992). Buy custom Central Auditory Processing Disorder essay

Eudoxus and Dedekind Irrational Numbers and Mathematical Development Essay

Eudoxus and Dedekind Irrational Numbers and Mathematical Development - Essay Example The theory, as stated, was very oblique and difficult. It was pondered by mathematicians until it was superseded in the nineteenth century. His definition of proportions in Euclid's work exemplifies the struggle taking place in the Greek mind to get a handle on this problem. Magnitudes are said to be in the same ratio, the first to the second and the third to the fourth, when, if any equimultiples whatever be taken of the first and third, and any equimultiples whatever of the second and fourth, the former equimultiples alike exceed, are alike equal to, or alike fall short of, the latter equimultiples taken in corresponding order. What could such an inscrutable statement possibly mean It seems that Eudoxus (through Euclid) must have sat up nights trying to write something that no one could comprehend. To understand this statement we must remember two things about Greek mathematics. First, Eudoxus was not talking about numbers, but magnitudes. The two were not the same and could not be related to each other. Second, the Greeks did not have fractions, so they spoke of the ratios of numbers and ratios of magnitudes. Hence, our fraction 2/3 was for them the ratio 2:3. For their geometry, they also needed to talk about ratios, not of numbers, but of geometric magnitudes. For example, they knew that the ratio of the areas of two circles is equal to the ratio of the squares of the diameters of the circles. We can show this as (Flegg, 1983) (area of circle A):(area of circle B) (radius of circle A)2:(radius of circle B)2 The Greeks had to be sure that when these ratios of magnitudes involved incommensurable lengths, the order relationships held. In other words, would their geometric proofs be valid when such proofs involved ratios of incommensurable lengths The definition developed by Eudoxus was an attempt to guarantee that they would. The magnitudes in the ratios have the following labels: first: second = third: fourth. Eudoxus said that the first and second magnitudes have the same ratio as the third and fourth if, when we multiply the first and third by the same magnitude, and multiply the second and fourth both by another magnitude, then whatever order we get between first and second will be preserved between the third and fourth. This explanation, simple as it is, can be rather confusing. An example will clarify the matter. We will assign the following lengths to the four magnitudes: 3:6 = 7:14. From this we get the following inequalities: 3 A3:B6 = A7:B14 or 15:12 = 35:28. Now clearly 15 > 12 and 35 > 28. Hence, multiplying by 5 and 2 preserved the order of the two ratios. Eudoxus' definition says that for two ratios to be equal, all values of A and B will preserve the order between the corresponding magnitudes. This gave Greek geometry the definition of magnitudes of ratios it needed to carry out the various proofs relying on proportion. However, magnitudes are not numbers, and the requirement that all values of A and B satisfy the definition introduced, through the back door, the notion of infinity. While Eudoxus' work satisfied the needs of geometers, it was

Are You Living With A Psychopath Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Are You Living With A Psychopath - Essay Example In recognition of those who have been abused, physically, morally or financially, to all of them, especially to Alicia C. Cussi, who lived brutally exploited, stripped and tormented by Teresa. Her own daughter, Alicia, inspired the creation of NEW ERA ELDERLY FOUNDATION, which will open to help to improve the elderly living conditions, preventing any kinds of elderly abuse caused by "family blindness" and excessive confidence to someone who would take advantage and betray the confidence, abusing us them with impunity. A reporter went to Ensenada, Mexico. Once he gets there, he goes to a supermarket. Upon arrival, a vagabond is being handcuffed by the police, being arrested because, being so hungry, he ate a piece of bread in the store. The reporter offers to pay for the bread, only 30 cents, and the guards let the indigent free. The vagabond was sorry and wants to pay the reported back. He pulls from his pocket a Rolex watch that he had tried to pawn only moments earlier; however, from the look of his appearance, the pawn manager had not accepted. The reporter, too, doesn’t accept the watch and he is pushed away by his friends to continue his trip. He keeps an eye on the news and returns many times to Ensenada, but he does not find the man; months after, he finds the vagabond in California. The reporter decides to lead the homeless man through the history and motivation that he has had to fight to build a foundation to prevent the abuse of older people who, like him and his mother, have been abused by a trusted family member.